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How Work the 12V Power Supply Circuit?

Power Supply Unit (PSU), the voltage supplies power to a Electronic component. also called ADAPTOR Power supply.
Most electronics component can be plugged into standard electrical outlets in your home. But, there Electronic component not equipped a Power Supply Unit, not include in it, so  cannot be plugged into electrical outlets directly. for exemple; handphone, digital camera, etc.. They are separate from the other part.

How the Power Supply Circuit Work?

The Power Supply then converts the AC current to DC current and step down the votage from 220V to 12V, 6V, 5V (depending on the condition of electronic voltage).

In this condition, electric shock safely for touched, unless you hold primary section of the transformator, it's dangerous.
Usually factory wrapping the Power Supply in the safe box.

Look the system works below,

How Work Power Supply Cicuit
How Work Power Supply Circuit